Many who are not familiar with Egypt's history and culture wonder why Egypt does not speak Egyptian today and not Arabic. This article tries to answer this question for those who ask it.

The New Kingdom: The Last Empire

Egypt's last purely Egyptian great empire, known as the New Kingdom, lasted from 1567 B.C. to 1085 B.C. During this period Egypt dominated a lot of its neighbors, such as Nubia, and Syria. This was achieved by various means, such as Thutmosis military campaigns, Ramses II's peace treaties, and Amenhotep III's diplomacy via marriage. The riches of Tut-Ankh-Amen are from this period, as well as the religious revolution of Akhnaten, the heretic monotheistic pharaoh.

Here are some conclusions that one can make from the previous examples:

• It is not easy to judge people and movements from a black and white absolutist view.
• Onesociety may view a person as a hero, while another view the same personas a villain. This is specially true when the two societies come intoconflict (straight out military confrontation, or small guerillawarefare). Prejudices come into play most of the time.
• Historyis written by the victor, only from the victorious point of view.Moreover, history is continually being reevaluated and rewritten as newfacts come to light, and old prejudices fade only to reveal new ones.
  

Many issues that an individual or a society faces can be morally ambigious. Resistance and terrorism are often morally ambiguous.

A comic book that will soon become a movie is V for Vendetta by Alan Moore and David Lloyd. The comic book explores how oppression causes liberation and resistance movement to develop, and often the latter commit atrocities and abhorrent acts in the name of good causes. This is a fault both sides may fall in, and hence there is no moral high ground for one side over the other.

It is sometimes ironic how one party in a conflict becomes exactly what they hate in the other side in the name of 'good', 'justice', 'freedom' or 'democracy'.

RobinHood's story is too well known to retell here. This semi-mythicalfigure has been romanticized and idealized by ballads told by bards. Itis quite possible that there is some grain of truth from which thismyth sprung up. In any case, Robin was viewed by the authorities at thetime as an outlaw. In the strict sense of the law, he was indeed was.The ballads concede that he was also a thief, a highway robber, and anoutlaw.However, the bards and the public seem to justify theseactions by various means: for example, portraying Robin as a man ofnoble character, that he shared his loot with the poor, that hisactions were in response to injustices committed by Prince John and theSherrif of Nottingham, and that his thefts were aimed at those who gotwealthy out of others' toils.

I sometimes saw people expressing the opinion that if the IRA are "terrorists", so were the French Resistance against the Nazis.

I also came across a post titled: My grandfather was an IRA terrorist (and comments after it).

Another pro Irish poster writes:"My grandparents were in Ulster during the Black and Tan war andsuffered Orange pogroms before that so this all is not such unexpectedbehavior from the English. They should stop whining about LordMountbatten and the Grand Hotel and Canary Wharf and mortars fired at10 Downing Street - if they want their problems with Ireland over withthey should just pack up and go back to their own god-damned country."

From America and Canada

On one side, we find Benedict Arnold,who initally joined the American Revolution against the crown ofBritian. He won several battles. Later, he conspired with Britishforces and arranged to hand to them the fort at West Point, New York.Arnold avoided arrest, and made his way to the British side, lateracheiving the rank of general. He later explained his action in letter to the inhabitants of America.

Throughout history, views of certainpersonalities change from villains to heroes or fromterrorists/militants to freedom fighters.For example, both Menachem Begin, and Yitzhak Shamir, who later became prime ministers of Israel, were once wanted terrorists by the British.Ramush Haradinajof Kosovo also comes to mind. As an ex-rebel leader in Kosovo his actions were questioned.

This article explores how our assessment of certain figures and movements is subject to biases and prejudices. The notion of: "One people's terrorist is another people's freedom fighter", or as the saying goes: "One people's hero is another people's villain".Let us first start with examples of how some people are viewed differently, either from the dimension of time, or the dimension of society.

Various Israeli media, such as Jerusalem Post and Ha'aretz (citing Reuters as the source) report that the Israeli government has honored several Egyptian Jews who were involved in spying and sabotage in Egypt in the 1950s. This incident is known as the Lavon Affair, and extensive material on the incident can be found in Israel and Terror in Egypt.

Yessin Ashmawy was in the E.G.C. from 1973 to 1982. This is the picture from his Prep 3 class. I recognize Mr. Wali on the left.