For writing systems modern and ancient, check the Omniglot web site, where everything is covered from alphabetic, syllabic, logographic, or undeciphered scripts. Even some invented scripts, for fiction works, or for fun.Do not confuse writing systems, with languages themselves.

In recent times, there has been lots of speculative pseudo-research that has flimsy footing in superficial similarities between similar words or roots in otherwise different languages.One can compare these linguistic theories with the other pseudo science (often by non specialists) such as the revised chronologies of David Rohl and Ahmed Osman.Much of this pseudo-research is politically motivated. Whether it is chauvinistic nationalism, or resentment for some situation (e.g.

In his history, Ibn Khaldun uses various sources, Islamic as well as non Islamic, contemporary, or ancient.Some researchers, like Levi-Provencal, have asserted that Ibn Khaldun has used Titus Livius' (Livy) work, because he mentions Hannibal and the Battle of Cannae in his history. Levi-Provencal even speculated that a copy of Livy's now lost work is to be found in some library in the Maghreb countries (Tunis, Algiers, Morocco).

Paulus Orosius. (c.385–420), Iberian priest, theologian, apologist, and historianBorn in Tarragona, Spain or Braga, Portugal. He went to see St. Augustine (c.413) and wrote, on request, a summary of the errors of Priscillian and of Origen. Augustine then sent him to Palestine to warn St. Jerome of the menace of Pelagianism.Unable to return to Spain, which was overrun by the Vandals, Orosius remained in Africa, where he completed the Seven Books of History against the Pagans (Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri Septem, tr. by I. W.

Abu Zayd Wali Al Din Abdulrahman Ibn Muhammad Ibn Khaldun Al Hadrami Al Ishbili Al Maliki. (1332-1406). Muslim historian, politician, and political, economic and sociological theorist, and author.

Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Zakareya Al Razi (c. 865-923/932 C.E.)Known in Latin as Rhazes or Rasis.

Exchange of Views, II
George Saliba
Flying Goats And Other Obsessions:
A Response to Toby Huff’s Reply

Copyright © 2002 Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies. All rights reserved. BRIIFS vol. 4 no 2, 2002. Republished on Baheyeldin.com by permission of Dr. Saliba.

Use the menus on the right, or at the bottom of this page, to read the original article, or Toby Huff's response.

Essay, Exchange of Views, I
Toby E. Huff
The Rise of Early Modern Science:
A Reply to George Saliba (1)

Copyright © 2002 Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies. All rights reserved. BRIIFS vol. 4 no 2, 2002. Republished on Baheyeldin.com by permission of Dr. Saliba.

Use the menus on the right, or at the bottom of this page, to read the original article, or Dr. Saliba's reply to this response.

Read George Saliba's original article, and Dr. Saliba's response to the reply.

Review Article by George Saliba, Professor of Arabic and Islamic Science, Department of Middle East and Asian Languages and Cultures, Columbia University.

Toby E. Huff. The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Pb. ed., 1995. xiv, 409 pp. Hb. ISBN 0 521 43496 3. ISBN 0 521 49833 3.

"It is not altogether easy to break the habit of thinking of history as blindly groping toward a goal that the West alone was clever enough to reach. . . . " A. C. Graham (1)

Al Hassan Ibn Al Haitham, الحسن بن الهيثم known in Latin as Alhazen, is a famous Muslim scientist from the 10th and 11th century. He was famous in optics, but was also versed in Geography, Astronomy, Architecture.